Disentangling global market drivers for cephalopods to foster transformations towards sustainable seafood systems

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on Journal blog. Achieving food security and biodiversity conservation are interconnected challenges operating across international pathways (Crenna et al., 2019; Fischer 2017). Food nutrition connect most of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Grosso 2020; Rockström & Sukhdev, 2016) aims eliminating hunger, achieving improving health, wellbeing world's population (SDG 2, 3) linked to natural resource use (e.g. SDG 12, 14) (UN, 2015; UNEP, 2016). Equally, reversing loss depends transformative action towards sustainable value chains systems (CBD, 2021). these requires a globally coordinated, evidence-based governance approach future-proof via accessible (EC, 2021; EEA, We define here following HLPE (2017) as collection activities linking production consumption supply chain. Transformative system studies have typically focused agricultural sector (FAO, UNDP However, fisheries aquaculture sectors must also be considered, they essential satisfy an intensifying demand fish-based diets (SCAR-FISH, 2019), can improve opportunities availability, access, utilisation stability resources 2022) lower carbon footprints than other (Bianchi 2022; Gephart Critical reasons transforming marine include that world fish has risen dramatically in recent decades meet increasing demands (World Bank, 2013) while around 92.7% global stocks already maximally sustainably fished or overfished 2022). Meanwhile, modern neoliberal policies capitalism associated development 162 nations globe comprising majority threaten nations' seafood increase (Clark 2018). their outcomes measured by indicators relating ecosystem social (HLPE, 2014). Many existing poor health environmental degradation (Willett 2019). Transformation, inherently political process, fundamentally structure, functions actor relations within social–ecological (Hebinck 2018; Villasante, Tubío, Gianelli, Pathways transformation building shared understanding efforts develop operationalise ‘nature's contributions people’ (NCP) common language between ecosystems human benefits (EEA, Such relationships increasingly being interpreted through lenses such IPBES conceptual framework which conceptualises services NCP (IPBES, Consumption cephalopods (octopus, squid cuttlefish) historical cultural importance cephalopod distributed locally exploited contribute security. World-wide, rapidly expanded over last 50 years, from approximately 99,100 tonnes 1970 374,200 2020 (FishStatJ, 2020), moved into new fishing areas match growing market (Arkhipkin Jereb 2011). The network trade involves 220 countries, dominated eight countries Asia (China, India, Republic Korea, Thailand, Vietnam), Europe (Netherlands, Spain) States (Ospina-Alvarez Cephalopods targeted large- small-scale caught by-catch (Rodhouse 2014), recreational is significant (ICES, 2020). understudied compared commercially valuable species, tend minimally managed Markaida Gilly, 2016; Pierce Portela, This likely related unique life-history characteristics along with inadequate data, infrastructure conduct routine stock assessments challenge management A short life cycle implies nonoverlapping generations offers no buffer if recruitment fails recruits out, there high year-to-year variability abundance probably distribution, reflecting sensitivity changes conditions There been marked fluctuations general upward trend during decade (Doubleday Importantly, total annual landings highly sensitive status several stocks, notably those Dosidicus gigas Illex argentinus (Villasante experienced sharp declines 2016 subsequently increased again 2020b). Fluctuations Chinese coastal populations variations regime shift and/or climate change (Pang exploitation connections wellbeing. Ecosystem-based (EBFM) reformed Common Fisheries Policy [CFP]) necessitates consideration trade-offs among provided oceans prioritises economic objectives (Baudron Since provide both provisioning commodity) supporting keystone predator prey species) services, caution required regarding removal (Essington Munch, 2014; Hunsicker 2010; where require further evaluation prevent unsustainable them potential conflicts finfish (Hunsicker 2010). Fishing could more drivers (the major forces) influencing catch, were better understood successfully context provide. previous role commodities but best our knowledge examined affect markets how chain link NCP. Our literature review prevailing research interests addresses gap examining what known about systems, chains, drivers. collected evidence build map links drivers, good quality (GQL), applying framework. believe synthesised basis diagnosing constraints considered resilient diversified system. findings will helpful policy actors, practitioners, researchers professionals working terrestrial well sustainability. conducted scientific published English Drivers explained influenced dynamics positive, negative, neutral ambivalent directions respect different actors growth/consumer acceptance given species product). science methodology followed inductive analytical whereby we drew insight themes emerging theory opposed using predefined hypothesis was then tested observations collected. developed based applied it identify consists six interlinked elements society nature at various spatial temporal scales aim people (Figure 1). Principal features include: centralising institutions key change; considering systems; coproducing NCP; including plural values GQL comprises analogous concepts material nonmaterial dimensions (Díaz 2015). selection criteria aimed ensure peer-reviewed publications articles, reports, book chapters) cephalopods, consumption. preliminary search string terms relevant anticipated trialled adjusted retrieve maximum number records. customised, priori protocol (Appendix S1) Arton al. (2020), used agree scope, questions terms, eligibility criteria, data analysis parameters, etc. two searches topics (title + abstract keywords) Web Science Core Collection (1985–2020; English) Scopus databases. first (November 2019) employed terms: (cephalopod* OR octopus* squid* cuttlefish*) AND (market*) (driver* institution* regulation* manage* social-ecological socialecological socio-ecological socioecological social-environmental socialenvironmental socio-environmental socioenvironmental socio-economic socioeconomic social-economic socialeconomic technolog* cultur* govern* pollution invasive* bycatch* by-catch* discard* catch* consum* trad* import* export* demand* supply* sustainab*). second (August 2020) SPIDER tool (Cooke 2012) capture missed search, especially qualitative inconsistently indexed included above equated sample (S) phenomenon interest (PI) format, study design (D) questionnaire), (E) attitude) type (R) qualitative) S1). suggested Cooke (2012) (‘S PI D E R’) ‘S R’ effective. PRISMA guidelines record screening, inclusion (Moher 2009). complicated deriving numerous disciplinary epistemologies broaching topic sometimes oblique perspectives (i.e. investigating not always primary objective research). created online, multi-user extraction form systematically capture, compare, code analyse quantitative records Wolf (2017). To pilot chose disciplines all reviewers coded assess consistency interpretation compare coding results test form. revealed important reviewers. agreed process eligible according broad thematic categories expertise. Most analysed single reviewer, except case doubts when lead author assisted. Qualitative directly copied specific investigated). These qualitatively themes, patterns outlying interest. For analysis, methodological articles studied 2). Next, 51 inductively collective subject matter, reading piloting. Indicators categorised follows: Biological (5 indicators), Harvest (8), Climatic (2), Ecological (5), Economics (9), Environmental Contaminants (3), Governance Health Safety (7), Quality (1), Social (5) 2; Appendix address strength presence indicators, as: 0 = mentioned; 1 2 alluded to. Where indicator driver 1, calculated percentage overall 1s accounted for, driver, scale: 0%–35% weak evidence; 36%–70% medium; 71%–100% high. highlight brackets any occurrences ‘weak’ ‘medium’ evidence. individual discussed, sorted theme ‘cephalopod drivers’ Market generic groups called ‘food traits’ (Section 3.2.1). quantitatively proportion mentioning element/value each trait 3.2.2). ‘Key 2) representing highest numbers calculating reported frequently 50% driver) comparing combined 3.2.3). Unless otherwise stated, percentages cited refer interpret steps mapped onto 3; see Figure 8). understand GQL, associating corresponding (in)direct change) 2019, Chapter Supplementary materials) 3.3). situate system, explored associations meaning content categories, traits change. fine-tune similarities differences operationalised, category represented grouped 3.4). possible, addressed problems reviews bias (Haddaway McKinnon did records, partly due way databases searched. Also, elected grey formal review, nor languages English, potentially rich sources information beyond scope resulted geographic skew synthesised. reflects outcome interactions researcher interests, availability funding journal policies. It evident many papers referred only tangentially cases contaminants markets) subset larger body similar work. Thus, identified should borne mind considerably broader. Further work involve starting point terms) follow-up review. Other considerations limits current fluctuation issues like Additional limitations, issues, gaps needs may inform future described S2 (see Section ‘Data Sources’ below references). Search captured 1119 S3). screened titles abstracts removed duplicates ineligible unrelated disciplines, definition full texts English). Neither metasynthesis literature. 101 1979 (50% since 2013). They featured 27 frequently: (18 studies), Italy (14), Spain (10), Portugal (6), South Korea (6) Greece (4), three ocean areas: North-east Atlantic, Mid-Atlantic Eastern Pacific. More regional (37%) (22%), local (18%) national (14%), five global, one EU-wide. empirical (76%) involved technology (44%) molecular, microbiological chemical analyses), (42%) analyses fisheries, (14%) aquaculture/capture fishery biology, ecology, technology). diverse methodologies ranging ecology together represent available Squid (70%), octopus (49%), cuttlefish (32%) ‘undetermined’ (10%). Overall, often fresh (68%) rather processed (38%) frozen (34%), preparation varied groups. Among (Table 1), overarching sectors—catch, consumption, nine study: Bacterial Contamination/Parasitic Infestation; Biology Ecology Stocks; Catch Landings; Contamination; Characteristics; Governance; Control, Nutrition Quality; Product Traceability. 110 29 (henceforth ‘market drivers’) Ainsworth 2023) ‘volume, catches’). catch sector. Contamination overall. least shown 3. Geographic existed (Ainsworth 2023). Biological; Ecological; Harvest; Climatic; Fisheries; Ecosystem (11%) Stock (28%) Production (54%) Small-scale (39%) Industrial (41%) Aquaculture producer (9%) Economics; Purchasing Brokerage (11%; medium) Processing (31%) Distribution (20%) Retail First buyer (25%; Fish (30%; Broker (23%; Processor Distributor (20%; Retailer Safety; 4 demonstrates were: regulations, laws norms (56%) (Governance); (50%) (Fisheries); distribution/abundance (49%) (Biological); (48%); (45%) (Economics). acidification (0%); (6%) (Climatic); parasites (5%); hygiene (8%) (Food Safety); (7%) (Social). comprised principal components 1; 5). Studies discussed focus trait. production, purchasing, processing prioritised attention paid retail, brokerage ecosystems. 10 types 6). consumers; industrial fisheries; processors; buyers. Least brokers, distributors, retailers fisheries. Several ‘other’ regulations documents mentioned 7). Only traits: Characteristics (Wamukota 2014); (Diedhiou (Coronado Findings structures differ significantly example, involved. Furthermore, income inequalities found occur chain; fishers tending fare worse kinds decision-making power Diedhiou Wamukota Four ‘key 46% main trends S2). No four drivers; however, indicators—regulations, (Governance) (Ecological)—were each. Two situated sector: (12%) (Fisheries Characteristics) volume, catches (Catch Landings). appear distinct tightly coupled, catch-related trade-related former placed greater emphasis trade, latter emphasised catch. levels heavy metal contamination products (15%) (Environmental Contamination) bacterial (Bacterial Infestation). Although some overlap reported, operationalised differently. catch-related, trade-related, trade/consumption-related consumption-related although varying degrees Literature trade. Thirteen inhabit ecosystem-based examples S2, Table traits, inhabit. ecosystems, ecological (39%), seasonality (37%), layout grounds (35%), habitat (23%) (13%) cephalopods. Reviewing light confirmed framed supports idea deliver access dimension nutritional indicated by: [50%]), commercial [48%]) small regions communities; mostly therein; culturally Livelihood Cultural identity. Exploring Economic, Governance, Sociocultural Socio-psychological, Technological indirect Direct Exploitation, Pollution Natural Processes direct 9). (Climatic) Climate Change, seven (6% drivers). sectors, effects corresponded aspects primarily do populations, conditions). Therefore finding examine further, just few studies, Land/sea Invasive alien species. 10). Economics, relative Both sector-related catches, same change: Exploitation Processes. reported. operates broader societal scale interact reinforce other. respectively: Economic Technological, drivers: Pollution, strongly Transitioning degradation, aquatic support accompanied factors contributes (1) ‘The species’. (consumption sector) offer insights consumption: ‘effects cooking products’, ‘nutritional consuming cephalopods’ ‘optimising product recipes’ value, containing trace elements, protein, unsaturated fatty acids carbohydrates, low fat, vitamins calories, sugars dietary fibres (Mouritsen Styrbæk, Panse Phalke, versatile ingredient, cooked whole, parts mantle, arms, ink liver popular consumed fresh, raw, dried, fermented culinary techniques Pita highlights pr